• China-Africa strategic engagement emerges as a dominant globalization axis, reshaping aid, investment, and trade and redefining governance and strategic alignments across the continent [2], [3], [4], [5], [18], [10], [17], [8].

• Exports in Africa show heavy reliance on unprocessed primary products, with cross-country analysis linking this to education, resource endowments, and needed infrastructure and policy reforms for diversification [1], [20], [9], [14].

• Oil wealth and commodity chains shape Africa's development by linking global demand to local welfare and governance, often with unequal distribution and persistent poverty [13], [8].

• Regionalism and monetary integration debates frame Africa's strategy for economic resilience, weighing benefits of regional cooperation against structural heterogeneity and policy coordination [12], [11].

• Globalization discourse and Africa's agency are foregrounded in historical and leadership narratives, contrasting external pressures with pan-African visions like the African renaissance [16], [15].